Hay consumption, particularly from round bales, is associated with neutrophilic airway inflammation and mucus accumulation in healthy horses, and it can trigger asthma attacks in horses with severe...
During intrauterine life, fetal circulation allows for oxygen and nutrient transport from the placenta through the umbilical vein (Figure 1) (Tan and Lewandowski, 2020). Oxygenated and nutrient-rich...
Prostaglandins are locally active lipid compounds with multiple hormone-like effects. Their name derives from the prostate gland, which was initially assumed to the be the source of prostaglandins...
O. cervicalis is a filarial nematode with an indirect lifecycle (Figure 1). Culicoides midges act as the dominant intermediate host, and Culicoides nubeculosus has been identified as the major...
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron (Figure 1). Each equine kidney contains close to 10 million nephrons, which do not increase in number after birth (Beech et al, 2001). Nephrons can be...
The most common equine helminths are the cyathostomins (small redworms, small strongyles) and, historically, Strongylus spp. (large redworms, large strongyles). Other pathogens include the pinworm,...
There are many computed tomography machines available from companies such as Siemens, Philips and Canon that have been adapted from use in humans for use in horses. These machines tend to be fan beam...
The relationship between obesity and insulin dysregulation (in which obesity promotes insulin dysregulation), as has been well documented in the human medical context (Wondmkun, 2020). This is less...
Since its launch in the UK in 2022, evidence is showing that the most recently developed strangles vaccine is as safe and effective as early trials indicated (Robinson et al, 2020). The vaccine offers...
The initial presentation of acute colitis or typhlocolitis in the donkey is usually vague. Owners may notice that the donkey's demeanour is less bright than usual, appetite may be reduced or...
In order to understand the concepts surrounding the management of horses with pathology of the navicular bone, veterinarians must first understand the pathology that these radiological abnormalities...
A number of theories exist underpinning the aetiology of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis. Mechanical strain on the periodontal ligament may be involved (Staszyk et al, 2008;...