Physiotherapy helps restore movement and function when an individual is affected by injury, illness or disability (Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP), 2020), with treatments structured around...
There are two different types of diastemata classified. The first is a ‘valve’ type, where the gap at the occlusal surface is narrower than that at the level of the gum. This type is more likely to...
Historically, the syndrome has been attributed to hypoxic–ischaemic injury at foaling and the condition is seen in foals that have experienced a prolonged delivery as a result of dystocia or premature...
The immune-mediated keratopathies (IMMKs) are a group of poorly defined, non-ulcerative, inflammatory disorders of the cornea, where the aetiopathogenesis involves an abnormal, typically upregulated...
Platelets consist of alpha granules, which contain a multitude of growth factors and cytokines that are released at sites of vascular injury to direct and promote healing (Pochini et al, 2016). Growth...
In the UK, there are 1.3 million horses and annually £4.3 billion of equine consumer spending (British Equine Trade Association National Equestrian Survey, 2011) but there is no comparable ‘donkey...
To be able to evaluate the impact of a training aid on a horse, we first need to define what constitutes a training aid and to understand the principles of training and rehabilitation, which underpin...
Quality of life assessment is well established in human medicine, with a large number of published generic and disease-specific measurement scales (Bowling, 2001). For example, different QoL...
The equine temporomandibular joint is a synovial incongruent condylar articulation of the zygomatic process of the squamous temporal bone and the condylar process of the mandible. A biconcave,...
The navicular bone, or distal sesamoid bone, is located on the palmar aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint suspended by the collateral sesamoidean ligament, which attaches to the distal abaxial...
Clinical governance is a requirement of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) Code of Professional Conduct for veterinary nurses and veterinary surgeons (RCVS 2012). Scally and Donaldson...
Infections with small strongyles is common, with horses becoming infected on pasture through the uptake of infective third-stage larvae (L3). The larvae then develop in the intestinal mucosa before...