The eye is recognised as an immune privileged organ, with numerous adaptive mechanisms and barriers, such as the so-called anterior chamber-associated immune deviation, the blood-aqueous barrier and...
Laminitis was previously broadly classified according to the differing pathways presumed to trigger its onset. At present, three main clinical forms of laminitis have been defined (Patterson-Kane et...
Degenerative joint disease is a common form of arthritis found in donkeys, and is not an unusual finding in donkeys with a normal lifespan of 30–40 years old (Barrio et al, 2019). In non-working...
Treatment for larval cyathostomins should no longer be considered the default position, and should only be performed after consideration of the risk of parasite-associated disease. The level of risk...
The prevalence of both obese and overweight horses is high (Giles et al, 2014; Potter et al, 2016). However, how this is categorised and reported could be clearer, as defining whether a horse is...
Benign neglect is most commonly employed with small occult or verrucose lesions. However, benign neglect may be a misnomer, as withholding treatment is not always a benign procedure. In a series of 42...
CT imaging is built up of three main components; the patient couch, x-ray tube and the detectors, which rotate inside the gantry around the patient, acquiring and collecting attenuation data. The...
In order to understand how to prevent equine obesity, it is first important to recognise what the term obesity actually refers to. Obesity is a qualitative term (Wyse et al, 2008), defined as an...
Track systems involve placing a track around the outside of a field or several fields, and keeping the horses on this tracked area rather than in a central paddock. Items such as water, shelter, hay...
Mammalian kidneys have considerable reserve capacity. Loss of concentrating ability does not typically occur until two thirds of nephron function has been lost, and nitrogenous waste accumulation does...
Lymphoma displays no explicit age bias and cases have been reported in fetuses (Haley and Spraker, 1983) through to geriatrics. However, specific forms of the disease have been anecdotally reported to...
A total of seven horses met the criteria for inclusion, including two Thoroughbreds, one Arabian X, one Welsh Pony, one Riding Pony, one Standardbred and one Warmblood. There were three geldings and...