The mouth and teeth have two main functions: to chew food and to lubricate food with saliva. While no enzymatic digestion or absorption occurs at this time, mastication still represents the initial...
Although vitamin E is essential in equine diets, deficiency alone does not reliably cause disease. Many horses do not exhibit any clinical signs of disease associated with a vitamin E deficiency...
Although the word placenta technically refers to the fetal and maternal components, it refers to just the fetal parts in common usage. Hence, for the purpose of this paper, the fetal membranes will be...
Clinical signs associated with sand accumulation can be varied, nonspecific and often overlap with other presentations of gastrointestinal diseases. One of the most common presentations is acute colic...
Three disease phenotypes have been described in horses: localised, partly generalised and generalised (Reijerkerk et al, 2009; Sloet Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan and Grinwis, 2013b). Looking at...
Periparturient haemorrhage has been estimated to affect 2–3% of broodmares and account for 40% of periparturient deaths (Frazer, 2003a; Arnold et al, 2008). Haemorrhage may occur prepartum but is most...
The basis of every examination is a good history. Indications of neck problems in the owner's story may include an incident of trauma (eg a fall after a fence), but also functional limitations and...
The reported prevalence of complications is generally low, but with a wide range (0.4–22%) and can extend from mild (rectal or vaginal bleeding) to severe clinical scenarios (rectal tears,...
